Subacute left ventricular free-wall rupture in early course of acute myocardial infarction. Clinical report of two cases and review of the literature

G Ital Cardiol. 1999 Feb;29(2):163-70.

Abstract

Left ventricular free wall rupture (LVFWR) may complicate an acute myocardial infarction (AMI); its frequency ranges from 1 to 6 percent. In the era of coronary care units, LVFWR is the second cause of in-hospital death, after pump failure. The subacute presentation accounts for 2-3 percent of total hospital admissions for AMI. Heart rupture may not be suddenly fatal and sometimes there is enough time for surgical repair. Electromechanical dissociation is neither the only nor the main clinical presentation. More subtle symptoms occurring hours or days before the final event include unexplained hypotension and transient bradycardia and some ECG features such as persistent ST-segment elevation with T-waves failing to invert in the same leads. On echocardiographic subcostal view, pericardial effusion of more than 5-10 mm, with echo-dense masses overlying the heart independently of cardiac tamponade, is highly suggestive of heart rupture. If pericardiocentesis yields hemorrhagic fluid, surgical intervention is mandatory, providing both diagnostic confirmation and definitive treatment. Medical management strategies (prolonged bed rest, beta-blockade therapy) are still experimental but could become suitable for particular subsets of patients (elderly patients and patients at a high surgical risk). We report two cases of subacute LVFWR and review the currently available literature.

Publication types

  • Case Reports
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Aged
  • Cardiac Tamponade / diagnosis
  • Cardiac Tamponade / surgery
  • Coronary Angiography
  • Echocardiography
  • Electrocardiography
  • Fatal Outcome
  • Heart Rupture, Post-Infarction / diagnosis*
  • Heart Rupture, Post-Infarction / surgery
  • Heart Ventricles
  • Humans
  • Male