The regulation of collagen alpha1(I) expression in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) occurs in a complex fashion that is just beginning to be determined. The presence of regulatory sequences in both the 5' and 3' regions of the mRNA appear to be critical to its regulation in HSCs and are involved in the increased expression of collagen in activated HSCs. The 3' UTR contains a C-rich site that binds alphaCP, a known RNA-binding protein that is responsible for the increased stability of the mRNA in activated HSCs. Given that alphaCP is present in both activated and quiescent HSCs, there must be a mechanism for modifying alpha(CP to bind to the RNA in activated but not quiescent HSCs. The 5' region contains an evolutionary conserved stem-loop region that encompasses the translation initiation codon. This stem-loop can bind protein(s) in activated HSCs in an RNA cap-dependent manner. Such binding, together with the binding of alphaCP to the 3' UTR, can facilitate translation of collagen alpha1(I) mRNA, resulting in increased mRNA steady-state levels and collagen synthesis. A role of alphaCP in activating translation initiation has also been demonstrated. These two mechanisms work together to upregulate collagen alpha1(I) production in activated but not quiescent HSCs.