Abstract
The Forkhead transcription factors AFX, FKHR and FKHR-L1 are orthologues of DAF-16, a Forkhead factor that regulates longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Here we show that overexpression of these Forkhead transcription factors causes growth suppression in a variety of cell lines, including a Ras-transformed cell line and a cell line lacking the tumour suppressor PTEN. Expression of AFX blocks cell-cycle progression at phase G1, independent of functional retinoblastoma protein (pRb) but dependent on the cell-cycle inhibitor p27kip1. Indeed, AFX transcriptionally activates p27kip1, resulting in increased protein levels. We conclude that AFX-like proteins are involved in cell-cycle regulation and that inactivation of these proteins is an important step in oncogenic transformation.
MeSH terms
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3T3 Cells
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Animals
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Blood Proteins / genetics
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Blood Proteins / physiology*
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Caenorhabditis elegans
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Cell Cycle / physiology*
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Cell Cycle Proteins*
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Cell Division
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Cell Line
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Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
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Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27
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DNA-Binding Proteins / metabolism
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Enzyme Activation
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Forkhead Box Protein O1
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Forkhead Transcription Factors
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G1 Phase / physiology
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Gene Expression Regulation
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Humans
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Mice
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Microtubule-Associated Proteins / genetics
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Microtubule-Associated Proteins / metabolism*
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Mutation
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PTEN Phosphohydrolase
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Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases / genetics
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Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases / metabolism
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Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases*
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Proto-Oncogene Proteins / metabolism*
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Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
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Signal Transduction
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Transcription Factors / genetics
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Transcription Factors / metabolism
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Transcription Factors / physiology*
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Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Tumor Suppressor Proteins*
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ras Proteins / metabolism*
Substances
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Blood Proteins
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Cdkn1b protein, mouse
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Cell Cycle Proteins
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DNA-Binding Proteins
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FOXO1 protein, human
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FOXO4 protein, human
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Forkhead Box Protein O1
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Forkhead Transcription Factors
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Foxo1 protein, mouse
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Microtubule-Associated Proteins
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Proto-Oncogene Proteins
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Transcription Factors
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Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27
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Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
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Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
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Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases
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PTEN Phosphohydrolase
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PTEN protein, human
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ras Proteins