Programmed cell death or apoptosis is central both in physiology during development and in disease. The mechanism of apoptosis is under the control of antiapoptotic survival genes of the Bcl-2 family and proapoptotic death receptors of the TNF superfamily (Fas, TNFR, TRAILR). Following death signal, the death receptor binds to its own receptor and initiates, through binding of adaptors, a cascade of events mediated by the autoproteolytic activation of specific enzymes called caspases. This enzyme activation is ultimately responsible for the dissembly of basic nuclear and cytoplasmic cell structures leading to cell death. In certain cell systems, antiapoptotic genes of the Bcl-2 family prevent the proapoptotic pathway. One of their roles is to maintain mitochondrial function integrity. In autoimmune destructive thyroiditis high levels of apoptosis have been demonstrated particularly within the destructed follicles near the infiltrated areas in comparison to Graves' disease and non autoimmune glands. In Hashimoto's thyroiditis Fas expression has been found increased on thyrocytes and in vitro can be modulated by proinflammatory cytokines. FasL expression on thyrocytes remains controversial. Thyroid cells from Graves' disease and multinodular glands are known to kill Fas expressing target cells although Hashimoto's thyrocytes are not efficient effector cells. Intrathyroidal lymphocytes from Hashimoto's thyroids maintain functional killer activity. These findings would suggest that intrathyroidal lymphocytes could be responsible for thyrocyte death in vivo. Whether this mechanism is Fas/FasL, TRAIL/TRAILR dependent can not be confirmed as specific blocking reagents were not able to inhibit cell induced death. In Hashimoto's thyroiditis an impairment of Bcl-2 and Bcl-X anitapoptotic genes on thyrocytes has also been detected. Bcl-X expression can be down-regulated in vitro by incubation with cytokines. These findings suggest that thyrocyte death may not exclusively be the result of specific interactions between death receptor and their ligands but it may involve simultaneous impairment of protective genes of the Bcl-2 family. Whether the impairment of the Bcl-2 family is a direct consequence of environmental stimuli or is the result of an intrinsic thyrocyte (mitochondrial?) alteration is as yet not known.