Abstract
Zinc finger-containing GLI proteins are involved in the development of Caenorhabditis elegans, Xenopus, Drosophila, zebrafish, mice, and humans. In this study, we show that an isoform of human GLI-2 strongly synergizes with the Tat transactivating proteins of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and -2) and markedly stimulates viral replication. GLI-2 also synergizes with the previously described Tat cofactor cyclin T1 to stimulate Tat function. Surprisingly, GLI-2/Tat synergy is not dependent on either a typical GLI DNA binding site or an intact Tat activation response element but does require an intact TATA box. Thus, GLI-2/Tat synergy results from a mechanism of action which is novel both for a GLI protein and for a Tat cofactor. These findings link the GLI family of transcriptional and developmental regulatory proteins to Tat function and HIV replication.
Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Bacterial Proteins / metabolism*
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Cell Line
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Chemoreceptor Cells
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Cyclin T
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Cyclins / metabolism
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Drosophila Proteins
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Escherichia coli Proteins*
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Gene Products, tat / genetics*
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Gene Products, tat / metabolism*
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HIV Infections / virology
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HIV-1 / genetics
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HIV-1 / physiology
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HIV-2 / genetics
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HIV-2 / physiology
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Humans
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Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors
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Membrane Proteins / metabolism*
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Mice
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Nuclear Proteins
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Plasmids
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Receptors, Cell Surface*
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Response Elements* / genetics
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TATA Box / physiology
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Transcription Factors / genetics
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Transcription Factors / metabolism*
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Transcriptional Activation*
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Transfection
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Virus Replication
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Zinc Finger Protein Gli2
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tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Substances
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Bacterial Proteins
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CCNT1 protein, human
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Ccnt1 protein, mouse
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CycT protein, Drosophila
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Cyclin T
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Cyclins
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Drosophila Proteins
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Escherichia coli Proteins
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GLI2 protein, human
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Gene Products, tat
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Gli2 protein, mouse
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Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors
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Membrane Proteins
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Nuclear Proteins
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Receptors, Cell Surface
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Tar protein, E coli
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Transcription Factors
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Zinc Finger Protein Gli2
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tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus