Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a powerful modulator of bone metabolism, and both its anabolic and catabolic effects on bone have been described. Here we have tested the hypothesis that TGF-beta-induced changes in osteoblast shape promote bone resorption by increasing the surface area of bone that is accessible to osteoclasts. The addition of TGF-beta1 to MC3T3-E1 cells resulted in cytoskeletal reorganization, augmented expression of focal adhesion kinase, and cell elongation, accompanied by an increase in the area of cell-free substratum. TGF-beta1 also triggered activation of Erk1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. The p38 MAP kinase inhibitor PD169316, but not an inhibitor of the Erk1/2 pathway, abrogated the effect of TGF-beta1 on cell shape. The matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor GM6001 also interfered with osteoblast elongation. Treatment of MC3T3-E1 cells seeded at confluence onto bone slices to mimic a bone lining cell layer with TGF-beta1 also induced cell elongation and increased pit formation by subsequently added osteoclasts. These effects were again blocked by PD169316 and GM6001. We propose that this novel pathway regulating osteoblast morphology plays an important role in the catabolic effects of TGF-beta on bone metabolism.
MeSH terms
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3T3 Cells
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Animals
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Blotting, Western
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Bone Resorption*
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Cell Division
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Cell-Free System
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Cells, Cultured
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Culture Media, Serum-Free / metabolism
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Dipeptides / pharmacology
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Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
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Enzyme Inhibitors / pharmacology
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Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
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Focal Adhesion Kinase 1
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Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
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Imidazoles / pharmacology
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Matrix Metalloproteinases / metabolism*
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Mice
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / metabolism
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / metabolism*
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Osteoblasts / metabolism*
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Osteoclasts / metabolism*
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Protein Binding
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Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / metabolism
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Signal Transduction
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Time Factors
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Transforming Growth Factor beta / metabolism*
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p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
Substances
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Culture Media, Serum-Free
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Dipeptides
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Enzyme Inhibitors
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Imidazoles
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N-(2(R)-2-(hydroxamidocarbonylmethyl)-4-methylpentanoyl)-L-tryptophan methylamide
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Transforming Growth Factor beta
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Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
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Focal Adhesion Kinase 1
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Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
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Ptk2 protein, mouse
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
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p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
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Matrix Metalloproteinases
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2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-imidazole