Borna disease virus(BDV) is a noncytolytic, neurotropic RNA virus that causes a disease of the central nervous system(CNS) in several vertebrate species, including horses, sheep, cats and ostriches. Epidemiological studies using peripheral blood or brain samples revealed that BDV can infect humans and that it may be related with certain neuropsychiatric disorders. The unique genetic and biological properties of BDV indicate that BDV develops a persistent infection in the CNS. Furthermore, a line of recent evidences suggests that BDV infection causes direct effects on brain functions in the absence of immunopathology-related brain damage. In this review, we discuss about recent data regarding neuropathogenesis of BDV infections in animals and humans.