The taxanes paclitaxel and docetaxel represent the most active chemotherapeutic agents developed for the treatment of advanced breast cancer in the last decade, and they are now being incorporated into adjuvant chemotherapy trials for lymph node-positive breast cancer with the hope of improving on the results achieved with CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil) or anthracycline-based regimens. So far, three randomized paclitaxel-based adjuvant clinical trials enrolling 3170 women (Cancer and Leukemia Group B [CALGB] 9344), 3060 women (National Surgical Adjuvant Project for Breast and Bowel Cancers [NSABP]-B28), and 524 women (M. D. Anderson), respectively, have been reported with respective median follow-up times of 52, 34, and 43 months. This article critically reviews these three studies and gives an overview of the many other randomized clinical trials, due to accrue more than 17 000 women, which are investigating the potential of taxanes in adjuvant breast cancer therapy. Given that the early promise of taxanes suggested by CALGB 9344 is not yet confirmed by the two other trials, only level 2 evidence has been reached to date in regard to a positive contribution of these agents to breast cancer outcome in the adjuvant setting. It is argued that level 1 evidence is highly desirable before adopting taxane-based regimens in standard practice. It is anticipated that a meta-analysis will be needed to comprehensively define the value of taxanes in early breast cancer, and a new model of international collaboration is proposed to find a balance between the need to offer new, more effective therapies to patients as soon as possible and the danger of drawing wrong, premature conclusions regarding the magnitude of benefit of a new regimen.