Soft tissue sarcomas represent a rare and heterogeneous disease. Only few drugs have been identified to be active, with doxorubicin, epirubicin and ifosfamide being the only agents with response rates above 20%. Combination chemotherapy results in higher response rates, however, superiority against single agent chemotherapy in terms of survival has not been established yet. Since a dose-response relationship is suggested for the anthracyclines and especially ifosfamide, high-dose or dose-intensive chemotherapy with bone marrow or stem cell support has been evaluated by several investigators. The studies are usually small, and included a very heterogeneous group of patients. Randomized trials have not been done, so that definite conclusions cannot be drawn to date. High-dose chemotherapy in soft tissue sarcoma has to be considered highly investigational and should not be performed outside clinical trials. Future studies should be focused on the development of active regimens, resulting in complete remission rates, that can be expected to translate into longer survival. Finally, well designed and appropriately powered randomized trials, using established prognostic and predictive factors, should be carried out, preferably in younger patients and in the context of a potentially curative multimodality approach.