Background and objectives: A case of transfusion-related human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) transmission was not detected by standard HIV antibody screening.
Materials and methods: In a look-back procedure, the preceding donations were extensively analyzed by nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT) screening and alternative serological tests.
Results: The chain of infection could be demonstrated by the analysis of HIV-specific amplicon sequences from the donor and the recipient.
Conclusion: This case report clearly indicates that the remaining risk of transfusion-related transmission of HIV could be severely reduced, not only by the use of NAT screening but even by HIV antigen screening or more sensitive HIV antibody assays.