Proteomics is a field of study directed toward providing a comprehensive view of the characteristics and activity of every cellular protein. Rapid innovations in the core technologies required to characterize proteins on a global scale are poised to bring about a comprehensive understanding of how dynamic changes in protein expression, post-translational modification, and function affect complex signaling and regulatory networks. These advances have significant implications for understanding the multitude of pathways that govern behavior and cognition and the response of the nervous system to injury and disease.