Synergistic interaction of a chloroquine metabolite with chloroquine against drug-resistant malaria parasites

Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Apr 1;67(7):1347-53. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.12.005.

Abstract

We have previously shown that structural modification of chlorpromazine to introduce a basic side chain converts this chloroquine (CQ) resistance-reversing agent into a compound that has activity against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. In an effort to further dissect the structural features that determine quinoline antimalarial activity and drug resistance-reversing activity, we have studied a series of aminoquinolines that are structurally related to CQ. We have analysed their haematin-binding activities, their antimalarial activities and their abilities to synergise the effect of CQ against drug-resistant P. falciparum. We found that a number of the aminoquinolines were able to interact with haematin but showed no or very weak antiparasitic activity. Interestingly, 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline, which is the CQ nucleus without the basic side chain, was able to act as a resistance-reversing agent. These studies point to structural features that may determine the resistance-modulating potential of weakly basic amphipaths. Interestingly, 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline is a metabolic breakdown product of CQ and may contribute to CQ activity against resistant parasites in vivo.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Aminoquinolines / pharmacology*
  • Animals
  • Antimalarials / pharmacology*
  • Chloroquine / metabolism
  • Chloroquine / pharmacology*
  • Drug Interactions
  • Drug Resistance*
  • Drug Synergism
  • Hemeproteins / metabolism
  • Hemin / pharmacology
  • Malaria / parasitology
  • Parasitic Sensitivity Tests
  • Plasmodium falciparum / drug effects*

Substances

  • Aminoquinolines
  • Antimalarials
  • Hemeproteins
  • hemozoin
  • Hemin
  • Chloroquine
  • 4-aminoquinoline