Microbial recognition by Toll-like receptors

Kiyoshi Takeda; Shizuo Akira

doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2003.10.002

Microbial recognition by Toll-like receptors

J Dermatol Sci. 2004 Apr;34(2):73-82. doi: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2003.10.002.

Authors

Kiyoshi Takeda¹, Shizuo Akira

Affiliation

¹ Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.

PMID: 15033189
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2003.10.002

Abstract

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) sense invasion of microorganisms by detecting microbial components that are conserved among pathogens. Recognition of microbial components by TLRs triggers activation of the innate immune system. Signaling pathways via TLRs originate from conserved cytoplasmic Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domains. Recent accumulating evidence demonstrates that TIR domain-containing adaptors, such as MyD88, TIRAP/Mal, TRIF, and TRAM, regulate TLR-mediated signaling pathways. MyD88 is common to all TLR-mediated pathways, which lead to the production of inflammatory cytokines, whereas TRIF mediates induction of IFN-beta in TLR3 and TLR4 signaling pathways. TIRAP/Mal is implicated in the TLR2- and TLR4-mediated MyD88-dependent signaling pathway. TRAM is specifically involved in the TLR4-mediated TRIF-dependent pathway. Thus, TIR domain-containing adaptors play a pivotal role in TLR signaling pathways, which culminate in pathogen-specific immune responses.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review

MeSH terms

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport / metabolism
Animals
Antigens, Differentiation / metabolism
Bacterial Infections / metabolism*
Humans
Membrane Glycoproteins / metabolism*
Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
Receptors, Cell Surface / metabolism*
Receptors, Immunologic / metabolism
Receptors, Interleukin-1 / metabolism*
Signal Transduction / physiology*
Toll-Like Receptor 2
Toll-Like Receptor 3
Toll-Like Receptor 4
Toll-Like Receptors

Substances

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport
Antigens, Differentiation
MYD88 protein, human
Membrane Glycoproteins
Myd88 protein, mouse
Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
Receptors, Cell Surface
Receptors, Immunologic
Receptors, Interleukin-1
TICAM-1 protein, mouse
TICAM1 protein, human
TLR2 protein, human
TLR3 protein, human
TLR4 protein, human
Toll-Like Receptor 2
Toll-Like Receptor 3
Toll-Like Receptor 4
Toll-Like Receptors
translocating chain-associating membrane protein (TRAM)