Dynamics of drag and force distributions for projectile impact in a granular medium

Phys Rev Lett. 2004 May 14;92(19):194301. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.194301. Epub 2004 May 14.

Abstract

Our experiments and molecular dynamics simulations on a projectile penetrating a two-dimensional granular medium reveal that the mean deceleration of the projectile is constant and proportional to the impact velocity. Thus, the time taken for a projectile to decelerate to a stop is independent of its impact velocity. The simulations show that the probability distribution function of forces on grains is time independent during a projectile's deceleration in the medium. At all times the force distribution function decreases exponentially for large forces.