CD8 T cells play a key role in host defense against intracellular pathogens. Efficient migration of these cells into sites of infection is therefore intimately linked to their effector function. The molecular mechanisms that control CD8 T-cell trafficking into sites of infection and inflammation are not well understood, but the chemokine/chemokine receptor system is thought to orchestrate this process. Here we systematically examined the chemokine receptor profile expressed on human CD8 T cells. Surprisingly, we found that CXC chemokine receptor 1 (CXCR1), the predominant neutrophil chemokine receptor, defined a novel interleukin-8/CXC ligand 8 (IL-8/CXCL8)-responsive CD8 T-cell subset that was enriched in perforin, granzyme B, and interferon-gamma (IFNgamma), and had high cytotoxic potential. CXCR1 expression was down-regulated by antigen stimulation both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting antigen-dependent shaping of the migratory characteristics of CD8 T cells. On virus-specific CD8 T cells from persons with a history of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and influenza infection, CXCR1 expression was restricted to terminally differentiated effector memory cells. In HIV-1 infection, CXCR1-expressing HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells were present only in persons who were able to control HIV-1 replication during structured treatment interruptions. Thus, CXCR1 identifies a subset of CD8 T cells poised for immediate cytotoxicity and early recruitment into sites of innate immune system activation.