Ventricular cells that show a positive force-frequency relationship show graded changes of intracellular [Ca2+] (Cai), [Na+] (Nai) and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ content with changes of stimulation frequency. Cells that show a negative force-frequency relationship show smaller changes of Nai and no change in the Ca2+ load of the sarcoplasmic reticulum as stimulation frequency is changed.