Abstract
This review describes the numerous and complex molecular systems that are either known players or candidates in heart failure(HF). All systems whose genetic background has been investigated to date in HF are listed and discussed. Discussion also includes functional notes and known genetic polymorphisms already investigated in HF or candidates that have not yet been investigated. Despite substantial research on HF, relatively few coordinated studies have been conducted that assign precise risk to specific genetic polymorphisms. Identification of risk associated with genetic variations and subsequent translation of genetic knowledge into clinical practice will likely progress only in cases of large coordinated studies based on identical standards. The potential result will be a more accurate definition of HF identified as an evolving complex of cardiovascular diseases.
MeSH terms
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Adenosine Monophosphate / genetics
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Atrial Natriuretic Factor / genetics
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Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / genetics
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Carrier Proteins / genetics
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Consanguinity
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Cytokines / genetics
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Cytoskeletal Proteins*
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Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic
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Endothelins / genetics
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Gene Pool
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Genetic Predisposition to Disease / epidemiology
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Genetic Predisposition to Disease / genetics*
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Genetic Variation / genetics
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Growth Substances / genetics
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Heart Failure / epidemiology
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Heart Failure / genetics*
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Humans
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Matrix Metalloproteinases / genetics
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Models, Genetic
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Molecular Epidemiology
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Muscle Proteins / genetics
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Nitric Oxide / genetics
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Oxidative Stress / genetics
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Phenotype
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Polymorphism, Genetic / genetics
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Receptors, Adrenergic / genetics
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Renin-Angiotensin System / genetics
Substances
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Carrier Proteins
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Cytokines
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Cytoskeletal Proteins
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Endothelins
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Growth Substances
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ITGB1BP2 protein, human
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Muscle Proteins
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Receptors, Adrenergic
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Nitric Oxide
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Adenosine Monophosphate
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Atrial Natriuretic Factor
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Matrix Metalloproteinases