It has been proposed that squamous carcinoma of the vulva with 1 mm or less of stromal invasion can be treated with local resection without inguinal node dissection. A retrospective review of 255 cases of stages I and II vulvar carcinoma demonstrated 24 cases of minimally invasive carcinoma. All cases were subjected to detailed chart review and pathologic confirmation. Mean age at diagnosis was 60 years. Seven patients had a preoperative diagnosis of preinvasive disease, ten had stage I disease, and seven had stage II disease. Fifteen cases had associated vulvar carcinoma in situ. Treatment consisted of local excision in 2 patients, radical wide excision in 11, hemivulvectomy in 5, and radical vulvectomy in 6. Eleven patients had either unilateral or bilateral inguinal node dissection. Five-year life-table survival was 89%. Four patients (17%) developed recurrent dysplasia and four (17%) developed invasive recurrences. One invasive recurrence was in an inguinal node in a patient previously treated with a hemivulvectomy and negative ipsilateral superficial node dissection. Univariate analysis revealed no statistically significant associations between recurrence and age, symptom duration, margin status, location, FIGO stage, or coexisting VIN. Large areas of coexisting dysplasia and variable gross appearance make meaningful application of FIGO staging criteria difficult in lesions with minimal focal invasion. Wide excision or radical wide excision of lesions with "high-risk" VIN or those showing less than or equal to 1 mm of stromal invasion on biopsy is adequate therapy. If final pathologic review demonstrates deeper invasion, a selective lymph node dissection can be performed as a second procedure. Careful surveillance with liberal use of colposcopy and biopsies is indicated in these patients.