In the attempt to evaluate the role of Autologous and Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation, we have retrospectively analyzed 159 patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia in first complete remission treated in our Unit, most of whom were referred from other Institutions. High-dose therapy was uniform and consisted of cyclophosphamide 60 mg/kg/d on two consecutive days and TBI in a single dose (10 Gy) for ABMT patients and in fractionated doses (3.3 Gy x 3 days) for BMT patients. Eight years actuarial survival was similar in two groups (52% for BMT and 49% for ABMT). The actuarial risk of relapse for BMT and ABMT was 29% and 43%, respectively. Considering that none of ABMT patients was "purged" with in vitro technique, this review seems to confirm the importance of "in vivo" purging with postremission intensification, immediately before the harvesting. Of course, more patients and a longer follow-up are needed to draw final conclusions.