Dyslipidemia plays critical roles in the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease. Vascular inflammation also triggers the onset of acute complications of atherosclerosis, such as myocardial infarction. Advances in cardiovascular medicine demonstrate that lipid-lowering therapy by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) likely prevents acute coronary complications by limiting vascular inflammation. In particular, recent clinical evidence indicates aggressive lipid-lowering treatment for patients at risk. Preclinical studies also support the concept of anti-inflammatory properties of lipid lowering by either diet or statins. Therefore, dyslipidemia is the primary target of therapy for the prevention of coronary atherosclerosis and its acute thrombotic complications. Nevertheless, even aggressive statin therapy does not forestall many adverse events. Thus, current cardiovascular medicine also seeks mechanisms to mitigate vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis other than addressing low-density lipoprotein, and new therapeutic strategies beyond lipid lowering.