The purposes of this study were to identify the congruence of blood lead testing based on parental self-reports with Medicaid claims and blood lead surveillance records, and to determine factors associated with agreement between parental reports of blood lead tests and Medicaid claims or blood lead surveillance records. Data were obtained from a cross-sectional mailed survey of a randomly selected sample of parents of children 1-2 years old enrolled in Medicaid (n=532) and from existing Medicaid claims and blood lead surveillance records. Fifty-six percent of survey respondents reported their child had a blood lead test completed. Of these, only 56% could be confirmed with Medicaid claims/blood lead surveillance data. Logistic regression analysis revealed the odds of blood lead testing per parental report confirmed with Medicaid claims/blood lead surveillance data were 2.6 times greater if the child had > or =3 provider visits, 2.5 times greater if parents reported receiving a reminder about blood lead testing, 2.2 times greater if parents reported receiving information about lead poisoning, 1.6 times greater if residing in an urban county, and 1.5 times greater if the child was more than 2 years old. In conclusion, parents are not always aware if their child had a blood lead test. Information and reminders about blood lead testing should be distributed to parents of young children enrolled in Medicaid and frequently reviewed by healthcare providers.