Biodegradable and semi-biodegradable composite hydrogels are proposed as bone substitutes. They consist of an hydrophilic biodegradable polymer (HYAFF 11) as matrix and two ceramic powders (alpha-TCP and HA) as reinforcement. Both components of these composites have been of great interest in biomedical applications due to their excellent biocompatibility and tissue interactions, however they have never been investigated as bone substitute composites. Morphological and mechanical analysis have shown that the two fillers behave in a very different way. In the HYAFF 11/alpha-TCP composite, alpha-TCP is able to hydrolyze in contact with water while in the HYAFF 11 matrix. As a result, the composite sets and hardens, and entangled CDHA crystals are formed in the hydrogel phase and increases in the mechanical properties are obtained. In the HYAFF11/HA composite the ceramic reinforcement acts as inert phase leading to lower mechanical properties. Both mechanical properties and microstructure analysis have demonstrated the possibility to design hydrophilic biodegradable composite structures for bone tissue substitution applications.