Structural optimization of the previously identified 4-(adamantan-1-yl)-2-quinolinecarbohydrazide (AQCH, MIC=6.25 microg/mL, 99% inhibition, Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv) has led to two series of 4-(adamantan-1-yl)-2-substituted quinolines (Series 1-2). All new derivatives were evaluated in vitro for antimycobacterial activities against drug-sensitive M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain. Several 4-adamantan-1-yl-quinoline-2-carboxylic acid N'-alkylhydrazides (Series 1) described herein showed promising inhibitory activity. In particular, analogs 7, 9, 20, and 21 displayed MIC of 3.125 microg/mL. Further investigation of AQCH by its reaction with various aliphatic, aromatic, and heteroaromatic aldehydes led to the synthesis of 4-adamantan-1-yl-quinoline-2-carboxylic acid alkylidene hydrazides (Series 2). Analogs 42-44 and 48 have produced promising antimycobacterial activities (99% inhibition) at 3.125 microg/mL against drug-sensitive M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain. The most potent analog 35 of the series produced 99% inhibition at 1.00 microg/mL against drug-sensitive strain, and MIC of 3.125 microg/mL against isoniazid-resistant TB strain. To understand the relationship between structure and activity, a 3D-QSAR analysis has been carried out by three methods-comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), CoMFA with inclusion of a hydropathy field (HINT), and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA). Several statistically significant CoMFA, CoMFA with HINT, and CoMSIA models were generated. Prediction of the activity of a test set of molecules was the best for the CoMFA model generated with database alignment. Based on the CoMFA contours, we have tried to explain the structure-activity relationships of the compounds reported herein.