The Markers and Tissue Resources for Melanoma meeting convened by the Cancer Diagnosis Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Specialized Programs of Research Excellence at the Organ Systems Branch of the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and the Melanoma Research Foundation was held in Gaithersburg, MD on October 2005. The meeting reviewed the current status of biomarkers for early- and advanced-stage melanoma and addressed some of the challenges scientists and clinicians face as they unravel the biology of melanoma and try to apply these findings to patient care. Specifically, the participants focused on molecular changes associated with melanoma progression, potential diagnostic and prognostic markers emerging from molecular profiling studies, and new treatment targets for current and future clinical trials. They also highlighted the ongoing challenges about translational research in melanoma, including availability of tissue resources, and summarized the status of nevus and melanoma tissue microarrays, recently developed as a collaborative project between the melanoma research community and the NCI. The meeting report is intended to provide a perspective on emerging scientific approaches in translational research that can enhance the progress in discovery and validation of markers for melanoma. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(22): 10652-7).