Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) has been reported to stimulate angiogenesis in a variety of human malignancies. We investigated TP expression and its association with angiogenesis in 73 cases of resected gastric cancer. In addition, we compared the expression of the other angiogenesis related factors (VEGF, eNOS and p53) with that of TP with respect to angiogenesis. TP expression was not detected in most of the non-tumoral glandular epithelial cells except for 5 cases. TP expression of the cancer cells and the stroma was assessed separately. The stromal TP expression was not associated with the TP expression of the cancer cells. The mean percent of TP reactive cancer cells was 18.36+/-2.61 (median, 10.00; range, 0-90) and cases showing a percentage higher than the mean were considered as bearing high reactivity. The mean microvessel score assessed was 90.44+/-3.69 (median, 86; range, 31-174). The TP expression of cancer cells was strongly associated with microvessel density (p=0.030), but the stromal TP expression was not. The microvessel density of the tumor showed strong correlation with VEGF expression (p<0.001), but a marginally significant association with eNOS (p=0.055). On the contrary, there was no association with p53 expression and microvessel density of the tumor. No significant correlation was detected between lymph node metastasis and tumoral or stromal TP expression or VEGF/TP coexpression. In gastric cancer, TP expression of the cancer cells, not stromal cells may play an important role in tumor growth by microvessel formation.