Percutaneous implantation of a bioprosthesis for the treatment of degenerative aortic stenosis ushered in a new era for interventional cardiology, and now represents the best therapeutic option for a growing number of patients for whom surgical aortic replacement would be too risky. This is the case in about a third of symptomatic patients affected. Between 2003 and 2005, we performed initial feasibility studies (I-REVIVE and RECAST) in Rouen, on non-operable patients in a critical state, included for purely compassionate reasons. The valve used was a pericardial bioprosthesis mounted in an expandable balloon stent. The mean age of the patients was 80 years, all had multiple co-morbidity and had been turned down by the cardiac surgeons. In 33 of the 36 included patients, the technique was attempted by the anterograde trans-septal approach (n=27, success rate 80%) or by the retrograde arterial route (n=7, success rate 57%). Echocardiography following implantation revealed a final aortic surface area of 1.70 cm2 and a transvalvular gradient of 9 mmHg. A significant paravalvular aortic leak was noted in 5 cases. There were 6 deaths by 1 month, related to the procedure, and 10 deaths by 6 months, from non-cardiac causes and not related to the procedure. There was no occurrence of coronary occlusion, secondary displacement or dysfunction of the prosthesis. In December 2006, 8 patients reached 2 years of follow up, and two others reached 3 years, symptom free and still with an unchanged valvular function. Significant technological improvements have made the technique simpler, quicker and safer, with very much improved short and long term results. The new trans-apical approach is under evaluation with some promising initial results. More than 280 patients have been implanted to date. Other implantable prostheses are under evaluation. This therapeutic modality looks likely to develop rapidly, and in the near future it should offer a new and optimal solution for all high surgical risk or non-operable patients.