We characterised the effects of selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERM) in explant cultures of human endometrium tissue. Endometrium tissues were cultured for 24h in Millicell-CM culture inserts in serum-free medium in the presence of vehicle, 17beta-estradiol (17beta-E2, 1nM), oestrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 164.384 (40nM), and 4-OH-tamoxifen (40nM), raloxifene (4nM), lasofoxifene (4nM) and acolbifene (4nM). Protein expression of ERalpha, ERbeta1 and Ki-67 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The proliferative fraction was assessed by counting the number of Ki-67 positive cells. Nuclear staining of ER( and ER(1 was observed in the glandular epithelium and stroma of pre- and postmenopausal endometrium. ER(1 protein was also localized in the endothelial cells of blood vessels. Treating premenopausal endometrium tissue with 17beta-E2 increased the fraction of Ki-67 positive cells (p<0.001) by 55% in glands compared to the control. Raloxifene (4nM) increased (p<0.05) the Ki-67 positive fraction. All other SERMS did not affect proliferation in this model. Treating postmenopausal endometrium with 17(-E2 increased (p<0.001) the fraction of Ki-67 positive cells by 250% in glands compared to the control. A similar effect was also seen for 4-OH-tamoxifen, whereas the rest of SERMs did not stimulate proliferation. We demonstrated that oestradiol increases the fraction of proliferating cells in short term explant cultures of postmenopausal endometrium. In addition, we were able to reveal the agonistic properties of 4-OH-tamoxifen and confirm that raloxifene and next-generation SERMs acolbifene and lasofoxifene were neutral on the human postmenopausal endometrium.