Since 2004 and the first improvement in overall survival in hormone refractory prostate cancer patients (HRPC) brought about by docetaxel, numerous phase II and III studies have been initiated. Considering the lack of efficacy in terms of overall survival, hormonal manipulations such as antiandrogen withdrawal, di-ethylstilbesterol or dexamethason are only indicated in "rising PSA" patients without clinical or radiological evidence of metastases. As first line treatment, the optimal chemotherapy regimen is docetaxel (75 mg/m(2) every 3 weeks) in association with prednisone (5 mg twice daily). Second line chemotherapies (mitoxantron, ixabepilon, docetaxel as a re-treatment, vinorelbin, doxorubicin...) provide modest results only in terms of progression-free survival. A phase III study of Straplatin has been prematurely interrupted. Targeted anti-angiogenic therapies have shown encouraging results in patients with metastatic localizations, and underline the need to identify target patients early through cellular markers (mTOR or EGFR overexpression) as well as the uselessness of PSA dosage to monitor efficacy. An ongoing phase III study is evaluating bevacizumab in association with docetaxel to improve overall survival. Both the Provenge vaccine and DN 101 (calcitriol) showed a survival gain of a few months in phase III studies. An ongoing EORTC phase II trial is evaluating antisense oligonucleotids in HRPC. Early introduction of docetaxel raises the issue of when to start chemotherapy as it may be relevant to initiate this treatment before the onset of hormone independence. GETUG 15 trial will try to answer this question.