This case-control study assesses laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in patients with end-stage renal disease treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Eleven patients receiving peritoneal dialysis treatment and 33 patients without end-stage renal disease who had undergone an elective LC were compared. Medical records were reviewed, and laboratory values and outcomes and results were analyzed. The peritoneal dialysis group showed a higher frequency of associated disease and previous abdominal surgery; a lower hemoglobin and platelet count; and elevated alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine values. Statistically significant between-group differences were found with regard to postoperative complications and postoperative hospital stay days. One procedure in each group was converted to an open cholecystectomy. No patient in the peritoneal dialysis group who underwent a LC had peritonitis. No other catheter-related complications occurred. LC may be performed with low complication rates in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis with an experienced team.