Continued progress in the diagnosis, management, and prevention of complications of HIV disease and antiretroviral therapy were reported at the 16th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. This year's conference brought new data on the optimal management of antiretroviral therapy in the presence of different opportunistic infections and included a number of important studies on pathogenesis and epidemiology of long-term complications. Major areas in which new information was presented are highlighted in this article.