Abstract
Influenza virus invades the olfactory bulb (OB) and enhances cytokine mRNAs therein at the time of illness onset. Here we show that viral antigen immunoreactivity co-localized with glial markers in the OB but could not be detected in other brain areas. Interleukin 1beta- and tumor necrosis factor alpha-immunoreactivity co-localized with neuronal markers in olfactory and central autonomic systems, and the number of cytokine-immunoreactive neurons increased at the time of illness onset [15 h post-inoculation (PI)] but not before (10 h PI). These results suggest that the OB virus influences the brain cytokines and therefore the onset of illness.
Publication types
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Autonomic Nervous System / immunology*
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Autonomic Nervous System / metabolism
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Autonomic Nervous System / virology
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Cytokines / immunology*
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Cytokines / metabolism
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Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
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Immunohistochemistry
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Influenza A virus
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Male
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Mice
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Mice, Inbred C57BL
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Microscopy, Confocal
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Neuroglia / immunology
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Neuroglia / metabolism
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Neuroglia / virology
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Neurons / immunology
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Neurons / metabolism
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Neurons / virology
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Olfactory Bulb / immunology*
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Olfactory Bulb / metabolism
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Olfactory Bulb / virology
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Orthomyxoviridae Infections / immunology*
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Orthomyxoviridae Infections / metabolism