Investigating the effect of blood susceptibility on phase contrast in the human brain

Recent work has shown a dramatic contrast between GM and WM in gradient echo phase images at high field (7 T). Although this contrast is key to the exploitation of phase in imaging normal and pathological tissue, its origin remains contentious. Several sources for this contrast have been considered including iron content, myelin, deoxy-hemoglobin, or water-macromolecule interactions. Here we quantify the contribution of intravascular dHb to the GM/WM contrast in the human brain at 7 T by modulating the susceptibility of the blood using a paramagnetic contrast agent. By carrying out high resolution, dynamic, gradient echo imaging before, during and after the injection of the contrast agent, we were able to follow the change in GM/WM phase contrast and to monitor simultaneously the susceptibility of the blood. Using these data in conjunction with the known susceptibility of venous blood we estimate the upper bound for the relative contribution of dHb in the vasculature to the measured GM/WM phase contrast to be 0.48 Hz for GM close to the pial surface, and 0.27 Hz for deeper GM. These values are up to 20% of the GM/WM phase difference observed in the human brain at 7 T. Furthermore, we found that the fractional blood volume differences required to account for the observed GM/WM phase contrast are 1.3% and 0.7% for GM close to the pial surface and for deeper GM, respectively.