Having recently become aware of the merits of cytologic preparations, histopathologists are focusing their attention on cytologic examination as a means of intraoperatively evaluating surgical specimens. This study compares the diagnostic accuracy and quality of frozen-section (FS) and cytologic preparations from 206 surgical specimens. The quality of cytologic preparations was significantly superior to that of FSs (P = 0.0001). With the use of a three-level accuracy scale suited to the practical demands of intraoperative evaluation, there was no significant difference between the accuracy of diagnosis by FS analysis compared with that achieved by cytologic examination (P = 0.35). More importantly--except in one case--whenever one technique did not correctly distinguish benign from malignant disease, the other technique yielded an essentially correct diagnosis. With the use of both techniques, 99.5% of cases were interpreted correctly, at least in regard to benign versus malignant diagnoses. Because significant additional time, equipment, stains, laboratory space, or personnel are not needed to implement intraoperative cytologic studies in a routine anatomic pathology laboratory, the authors advocate the simultaneous use of FS and cytologic studies in the specified context.