Critical role for hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 2 in the AIF-mediated apoptosis

EMBO J. 2010 Nov 17;29(22):3869-78. doi: 10.1038/emboj.2010.253. Epub 2010 Oct 29.

Abstract

Cellular calcium uptake is a controlled physiological process mediated by multiple ion channels. The exposure of cells to either one of the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, staurosporine (STS) or PKC412, can trigger Ca²(+) influx leading to cell death. The precise molecular mechanisms regulating these events remain elusive. In this study, we report that the PKC inhibitors induce a prolonged Ca²(+) import through hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 2 (HCN2) in lung carcinoma cells and in primary culture of cortical neurons, sufficient to trigger apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)-mediated apoptosis. Downregulation of HCN2 prevented the drug-induced Ca²(+) increase and subsequent apoptosis. Importantly, the PKC inhibitors did not cause Ca²(+) entry into HEK293 cells, which do not express the HCN channels. However, introduction of HCN2 sensitized them to STS/PKC412-induced apoptosis. Mutagenesis of putative PKC phosphorylation sites within the C-terminal domain of HCN2 revealed that dephosphorylation of Thr⁵⁴⁹ was critical for the prolonged Ca²(+) entry required for AIF-mediated apoptosis. Our findings demonstrate a novel role for the HCN2 channel by providing evidence that it can act as an upstream regulator of cell death triggered by PKC inhibitors.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Apoptosis Inducing Factor / metabolism*
  • Apoptosis* / drug effects
  • Calcium / metabolism*
  • Calpain / metabolism
  • Caspases / metabolism
  • Cell Line
  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Cells, Cultured
  • Enzyme Inhibitors / pharmacology*
  • Gene Expression
  • HEK293 Cells
  • Humans
  • Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels
  • Ion Channels / genetics
  • Ion Channels / metabolism*
  • Neurons / cytology
  • Neurons / metabolism
  • Phosphorylation
  • Potassium Channels
  • Protein Kinase C / antagonists & inhibitors*
  • Rats
  • Rats, Sprague-Dawley
  • Staurosporine / analogs & derivatives
  • Staurosporine / pharmacology

Substances

  • Apoptosis Inducing Factor
  • Enzyme Inhibitors
  • HCN2 protein, human
  • Hcn2 protein, rat
  • Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels
  • Ion Channels
  • Potassium Channels
  • Protein Kinase C
  • Calpain
  • Caspases
  • Staurosporine
  • midostaurin
  • Calcium