Objective: To prospectively investigate whether baseline findings on specific cardiovascular indices are predictive of subsequent rate of decline in Attention-Executive-Psychomotor function in a cohort of ambulatory older adults with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
Methods: One hundred seventy-two older adults with CVD were administered a neuropsychological battery of executive functions tests at study entry, and at 12 and 36 months thereafter. At study entry, they also underwent vascular assessments including cardiac output, ejection fraction, blood pressure (BP), brachial artery reactivity, and carotid intima media thickness. Random coefficient regressions were used to investigate the effect of these cardiac indices on rate of decline in Attention-Executive-Psychomotor function.
Results: Cardiac output, systolic BP variability, and diastolic BP variability predicted decline in Attention-Executive-Psychomotor function. Specifically, lower cardiac output, reduced variability in systolic BP, and increased variability in diastolic BP were associated with a faster rate of decline in Attention-Executive-Psychomotor function. Mean resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure did not predict decline in Attention-Executive-Psychomotor function.
Conclusions: Decline in frontal-subcortical cognitive functions among patients with CVDs appears to be mediated by systemic hypoperfusion and variability in blood pressure. The precise nature of these relationships, especially with regard to blood pressure variability, is complex and demands continued investigation.