Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors mediate the safe and long-term correction of genetic diseases following a single administration. Preclinical studies in animal models and human trials have shown rAAV vector persistence and safety. In some trials, sustained or transient transgene expression has been demonstrated in humans treated for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, LPL deficiency, hemophilia B and cystic fibrosis, and sustained correction of inherited blindness has been reported by three groups. For human use, rAAV vectors are manufactured and tested in compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practices as outlined in the Code of Federal Regulations (21CFR) or European Good Manufacturing Practices (Eudralex, Volume 4, GMP Guidelines, 2003/94/CE and 91/356/EEC). Manufacturing control, as well as product quality is evaluated by quality control testing and all manufacturing, facilities, and testing activities are reviewed by the quality assurance department. In-process specifications are set and in-process testing is conducted to confirm that the manufacturing process is controlled, aseptic, and performs consistently. Final product is tested to ensure release specifications are met for identity, safety, purity, potency, and stability.