A novel, functional and replicable risk gene region for alcohol dependence identified by genome-wide association study

PLoS One. 2011;6(11):e26726. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026726. Epub 2011 Nov 7.

Abstract

Several genome-wide association studies (GWASs) reported tens of risk genes for alcohol dependence, but most of them have not been replicated or confirmed by functional studies. The present study used a GWAS to search for novel, functional and replicable risk gene regions for alcohol dependence. Associations of all top-ranked SNPs identified in a discovery sample of 681 African-American (AA) cases with alcohol dependence and 508 AA controls were retested in a primary replication sample of 1,409 European-American (EA) cases and 1,518 EA controls. The replicable associations were then subjected to secondary replication in a sample of 6,438 Australian family subjects. A functional expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis of these replicable risk SNPs was followed-up in order to explore their cis-acting regulatory effects on gene expression. We found that within a 90 Mb region around PHF3-PTP4A1 locus in AAs, a linkage disequilibrium (LD) block in PHF3-PTP4A1 formed the only peak associated with alcohol dependence at p<10(-4). Within this block, 30 SNPs associated with alcohol dependence in AAs (1.6×10(-5)≤p≤0.050) were replicated in EAs (1.3×10(-3)≤p≤0.038), and 18 of them were also replicated in Australians (1.8×10(-3)≤p≤0.048). Most of these risk SNPs had strong cis-acting regulatory effects on PHF3-PTP4A1 mRNA expression across three HapMap samples. The distributions of -log(p) values for association and functional signals throughout this LD block were highly consistent across AAs, EAs, Australians and three HapMap samples. We conclude that the PHF3-PTP4A1 region appears to harbor a causal locus for alcohol dependence, and proteins encoded by PHF3 and/or PTP4A1 might play a functional role in the disorder.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Alcoholism / genetics*
  • Black or African American / genetics
  • Cell Cycle Proteins / genetics
  • Female
  • Genetic Predisposition to Disease / genetics
  • Genome-Wide Association Study / methods*
  • Humans
  • Linkage Disequilibrium / genetics
  • Male
  • Membrane Proteins / genetics
  • Middle Aged
  • Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / genetics
  • Transcription Factors / genetics

Substances

  • Cell Cycle Proteins
  • Membrane Proteins
  • PHF3 protein, human
  • Transcription Factors
  • PTP4A1 protein, human
  • Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases