Electron energy-loss safe-dose limits for manganese valence measurements in environmentally relevant manganese oxides

Environ Sci Technol. 2012 Jan 17;46(2):970-6. doi: 10.1021/es203516h. Epub 2011 Dec 22.

Abstract

Manganese (Mn) oxides are among the strongest mineral oxidants in the environment and impose significant influence on mobility and bioavailability of redox-active substances, such as arsenic, chromium, and pharmaceutical products, through oxidation processes. Oxidizing potentials of Mn oxides are determined by Mn valence states (2+, 3+, 4+). In this study, the effects of beam damage during electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in the transmission electron microscope have been investigated to determine the "safe dose" of electrons. Time series analyses determined the safe dose fluence (electrons/nm(2)) for todorokite (10(6) e/nm(2)), acid birnessite (10(5)), triclinic birnessite (10(4)), randomly stacked birnessite (10(3)), and δ-MnO(2) (<10(3)) at 200 kV. The results show that meaningful estimates of the mean Mn valence can be acquired by EELS if proper care is taken.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • Environmental Monitoring / methods*
  • Manganese Compounds / chemistry*
  • Oxidation-Reduction
  • Oxides / chemistry*
  • Spectroscopy, Electron Energy-Loss / methods*

Substances

  • Manganese Compounds
  • Oxides
  • manganese oxide