Despite recent significant advances in the treatment of hematological malignancies, relapse of this disease is of great note with the existence of the minimal residual disease (MRD). Tumour peptide vaccine seems to be one of the effective immunotherapies for eliminating tumor cells of MRD. This review focuses on the late results of clinical trails of peptide vaccination protocols targeting WT1, RHAMM, BCR-ABL, PR1 in hematological malignancies and the development of specific immune responses to PRAME and Survivin peptides. An outlook to heteroclitic peptides, new adjuvants, combined peptide vaccines and Ad-tWT1 vaccine is also given to further explore the possibility to enhance the efficacy of the peptide vaccine.