The treatment of tumors of the testis represents an ideal model of care for cancer. Many different, intersecting strategies are available for managing germ-cell cancers, particularly in the early-stage disease. Which is 'right' remains a matter of debate, and requires balancing efficacy against late effects, bearing in mind the complexity of treatment strategies and the available expertise. The cornerstone of this model of success is linked to the quality and appropriateness of care. The current therapeutic strategy is very complex (Fig. 1). High-tech surgery, medical oncology and radiotherapy are involved at various levels of diagnostic techniques of the latest generation. The choice of therapy, alone or integrated, is often influenced by prognostic factors. In this article we will examine the important points and sometimes the subject of controversy in both diagnosis and treatment of these early-stage tumors (Clinical Stage I: disease confined to the testis; Clinical Stage IIA: retroperitoneal lymph nodes < 2 cm).