A uniform sub-50 nm-sized magnetic/upconversion fluorescent bimodal imaging agent capable of generating singlet oxygen by using a 980 nm laser

Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) with fascinating properties hold great potential as nanotransducers for solving the problems that traditional photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been facing. In this report, by using well-selected bifunctional gadolinium (Gd)-ion-doped UCNPs and water-soluble methylene blue (MB) combined with the water-in-oil reverse microemulsion technique, we have succeeded in developing a new kind of UCNP/MB-based PDT drug, NaYF(4):Er/Yb/Gd@SiO(2)(MB), with a particle diameter less than 50 nm. Great efforts have been made to investigate the drug-formation mechanism and provide detailed physical and photochemical characterizations and the potential structure optimization of the as-designed PDT drug. We envision that such a PDT drug will become a potential theranostic nanomedicine for future near-infrared laser-triggered photodynamic therapy and simultaneous magnetic/optical bimodal imaging.