Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency

Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Sep;7(9):1521-7. doi: 10.2215/CJN.02320312. Epub 2012 Jun 14.

Abstract

Complete adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) deficiency is a rare inherited metabolic disorder that leads to the formation and hyperexcretion of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (DHA) into urine. The low solubility of DHA results in precipitation of this compound and the formation of urinary crystals and stones. The disease can present as recurrent urolithiasis or nephropathy secondary to crystal precipitation into renal parenchyma (DHA nephropathy). The diagnostic tools available-including stone analysis, crystalluria, and APRT activity measurement-make the diagnosis easy to confirm when APRT deficiency is suspected. However, the disease can present at any age, and the variability of symptoms can present a diagnostic challenge to many physicians. The early recognition and treatment of APRT deficiency are of crucial importance for preventing irreversible loss of renal function, which still occurs in a non-negligible proportion of cases. This review summarizes the genetic and metabolic mechanisms underlying stone formation and renal disease, along with the diagnosis and management of APRT deficiency.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Adenine / analogs & derivatives
  • Adenine / urine
  • Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase / deficiency*
  • Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase / genetics
  • Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase / urine
  • Allopurinol / therapeutic use
  • Animals
  • Biomarkers / urine
  • Disease Progression
  • Enzyme Inhibitors / therapeutic use
  • Genetic Predisposition to Disease
  • Humans
  • Kidney Diseases / enzymology
  • Kidney Diseases / etiology
  • Metabolism, Inborn Errors / complications
  • Metabolism, Inborn Errors / diagnosis
  • Metabolism, Inborn Errors / drug therapy
  • Metabolism, Inborn Errors / enzymology*
  • Metabolism, Inborn Errors / genetics
  • Metabolism, Inborn Errors / urine
  • Phenotype
  • Predictive Value of Tests
  • Prognosis
  • Recurrence
  • Urolithiasis / complications
  • Urolithiasis / diagnosis
  • Urolithiasis / drug therapy
  • Urolithiasis / enzymology*
  • Urolithiasis / etiology
  • Urolithiasis / genetics
  • Urolithiasis / urine
  • Xanthine Dehydrogenase / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Xanthine Dehydrogenase / metabolism

Substances

  • Biomarkers
  • Enzyme Inhibitors
  • 2,8-dihydroxyadenine
  • Allopurinol
  • Xanthine Dehydrogenase
  • Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase
  • Adenine

Supplementary concepts

  • Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency