Abstract
The gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea is a major threat to fruit and vegetable production. Strawberry fields usually receive several fungicide treatments against Botrytis per season. Gray mold isolates from several German strawberry-growing regions were analyzed to determine their sensitivity against botryticides. Fungicide resistance was commonly observed, with many isolates possessing resistance to multiple (up to six) fungicides. A stronger variant of the previously described multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype MDR1, called MDR1h, was found to be widely distributed, conferring increased partial resistance to two important botryticides, cyprodinil and fludioxonil. A 3-bp deletion mutation in a transcription factor-encoding gene, mrr1, was found to be correlated with MDR1h. All MDR1h isolates and the majority of isolates with resistance to multiple fungicides were found to be genetically distinct. Multiple-gene sequencing confirmed that they belong to a novel clade, called Botrytis group S, which is closely related to B. cinerea and the host-specific species B. fabae. Isolates of Botrytis group S genotypes were found to be widespread in all German strawberry-growing regions but almost absent from vineyards. Our data indicate a clear subdivision of gray mold populations, which are differentially distributed according to their host preference and adaptation to chemical treatments.
MeSH terms
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Biota*
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DNA, Fungal / chemistry
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DNA, Fungal / genetics
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Drug Resistance, Fungal*
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Fragaria / growth & development
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Fungi / classification*
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Fungi / drug effects*
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Fungi / genetics
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Fungi / isolation & purification
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Fungicides, Industrial / pharmacology*
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Germany
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Molecular Sequence Data
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Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Soil Microbiology*
Substances
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DNA, Fungal
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Fungicides, Industrial
Associated data
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GENBANK/JX266714
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GENBANK/JX266715
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GENBANK/JX266716
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