The Italian survey on CardiAc RehabilitatiOn and Secondary prevention after cardiac revascularization (ICAROS) was a multicenter, prospective, longitudinal survey carried out by the Italian Association on Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation (GICR/IACPR) in patients on completion of a CR program after coronary artery by pass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The aim was to evaluate in the short and medium-term: i) the cardioprotective drug prescription, modification and adherence; ii) the achievement and maintenance of recommended lifestyle targets and risk factor control and their association with cardiovascular events; iii) the predictors of non-adherence to therapy and lifestyle recommendations. The ICAROS results offers a portrait of the "real world" of clinical practice concerning patients after CABG and PCI, and stresses the need to improve secondary prevention care after the index event: many patients after revascularization leave the acute wards without an optimal prescription of preventive medication but the prescription of cardiopreventive drugs and risk factors control is excellent after completion of a CR program. Following CR, the maintenance of evidence-based drugs and lifestyle adherence at one year is fairly good as far as the target goals of secondary prevention are concerned, but to investigate the influence of CR on long-term outcome longer-term studies are required. Last, but not least, ICAROS shows that some characteristics (PCI as index event, living alone, poor eating habits or smoking in young age, and old age, in particular with comorbidities) may identify patients with poor behavioral modification in the medium-term follow-up and in these patients further support may be warranted. In conclusion, participation in CR results in excellent treatment after revascularization, as well as a good lifestyle and medication adherence at 1 year and provides further confirmation of the the benefit of secondary prevention.