Discovering the route from inflammation to pancreatic cancer

Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2012 Dec;58(4):283-97.

Abstract

Pancreatic cancer (PC) remains a complex malignancy with the worst prognosis, lack of early diagnostic symptoms and resistance to conventional chemo- and radiotherapies. A better understanding of the etiology and early developmental events of PC requires profound attention. The evolution of fully blown PC from initial pancreatic injury is a multi-factorial phenomenon with a series of sequential events. The initial acute infection or tissue damage triggers inflammation that, in conjunction with innate immunity, establishes a state of homeostasis to limit harm to the body. Recurrent pancreatic injuries due to genetic susceptibility, smoking, unhealthy diet, and alcohol abuse induces a pro-inflammatory milieu, consisting of various types of immune cells, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and restructured extracellular matrix, leading to prolonged inflammatory/chronic conditions. Cells having sustained DNA damage and/or mutagenic assault take advantage of this prolonged inflammatory response and aid in the initiation and development of neoplastic/fibrotic events. Eventually, many tumor-stromal interactions result in a chaotic environment accompanied by a loss of immune surveillance and repair response, thereby leading to PC. A better understanding of the inflammatory markers defining this "injury-inflammation-cancer" pathway would help to identify novel molecular targets for early screening and therapeutic intervention for this lethal malignancy.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Alcohol Drinking / adverse effects*
  • Biomarkers / blood
  • Body Mass Index
  • Chemokines / blood*
  • Diabetes Complications / physiopathology
  • Early Diagnosis
  • Feeding Behavior
  • Humans
  • Immunity, Innate
  • Inflammation / complications
  • Obesity / complications
  • Pancreatic Neoplasms / blood
  • Pancreatic Neoplasms / diagnosis*
  • Pancreatic Neoplasms / etiology*
  • Pancreatic Neoplasms / immunology
  • Pancreatic Neoplasms / mortality
  • Pancreatic Neoplasms / therapy
  • Pancreatitis, Chronic / blood
  • Pancreatitis, Chronic / complications*
  • Prognosis
  • Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / blood
  • Risk Factors
  • Smoking / adverse effects*

Substances

  • Biomarkers
  • Chemokines
  • Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor