Abstract
'Alarmins' are a group of endogenous proteins or molecules that are released from cells during cellular demise to alert the host innate immune system. Two of them, high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) and IL-33 shared many similarities of cellular localization, functions and involvement in various inflammatory diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The expressions of HMGB1 and IL-33, and their corresponding receptors RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) and ST2, respectively, are substantially upregulated in patients with lupus nephritis (LN). This review highlights the emerging roles of alarmin proteins in various pathologies of LN, by focusing on classical HMGB1 and a newly discovered alarmin IL-33.
Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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Review
MeSH terms
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Animals
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HMGB1 Protein / immunology
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HMGB1 Protein / metabolism*
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Humans
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Immunity, Innate
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Inflammation Mediators / metabolism
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Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein
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Interleukin-33
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Interleukins / immunology*
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Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / immunology*
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Lupus Nephritis / immunology*
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Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products
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Receptors, Cell Surface / immunology
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Receptors, Immunologic / immunology
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Receptors, Pattern Recognition / immunology*
Substances
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HMGB1 Protein
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IL1RL1 protein, human
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IL33 protein, human
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Inflammation Mediators
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Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein
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Interleukin-33
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Interleukins
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Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products
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Receptors, Cell Surface
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Receptors, Immunologic
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Receptors, Pattern Recognition