Objective: To characterize the clinical and angiographic features in children with renovascular hypertension.
Method: Clinical data of 14 children (7 male, 7 female; age 0.8-14 years, mean 8.7 years), who were diagnosed with renovascular hypertension by renal angiography in our institute from January 2005 to December 2012 were collected and retrospectively analyzed.
Result: The mean blood pressure at the diagnosis was 187/127 mm Hg. Chief complaints of symptomatic patients were headache (29%, 4/14), hypertensive encephalopathy (36%, 5/14), signs of congestive heart failure (14%, 2/14) and hematemesis (7%, 1/14). Renovascular hypertension was found incidentally in 14% (2/14) of patients who were asymptomatic. Conventional renal angiography elucidated the anatomical distribution of lesions in the renal arterial system. It was found that 14% (2/14) of patients had bilateral disease, 50% (7/14) had single stenosis at main or accessory renal artery, while multiple stenoses was seen in 43% (6/14) of children, with involvement of segmental renal artery and small interlobar or arcuate vessels. Compared with catheter angiography, 50% (7/14) of patients with renovascular hypertension, especially intrarenal arterial disease, were missed on computed tomography angiography or magnetic resonance angiography.
Conclusion: It is mandatory to emphasize blood pressure measurement in pediatric clinical practice for early recognition of renovascular hypertension. As children with renovascular hypertension display involvement of multiple arteries, including in smaller intrarenal arteries, digital subtraction angiography is the only method that can reliably diagnose pediatric renovascular hypertension.