Rabies, tetanus, leprosy, and malaria

Handb Clin Neurol. 2014:121:1501-20. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-7020-4088-7.00101-2.

Abstract

The developing world is still endemic to rabies, tetanus, leprosy, and malaria. Globally more than 55000 people die of rabies each year, about 95% in Asia and Africa. Annually, more than 10 million people, mostly in Asia, receive postexposure vaccination against the disease. World Health Organization estimated tetanus-related deaths at 163000 in 2004 worldwide. Globally, the annual detection of new cases of leprosy continues to decline and the global case detection declined by 3.54% during 2008 compared to 2007. Malaria is endemic in most countries, except the US, Canada, Europe, and Russia. Malaria accounts for 1.5-2.7 million deaths annually. Much of the disease burden related to these four infections is preventable.

Keywords: Rabies; cerebral malaria; leprosy; malaria; neonatal tetanus; tetanus.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Anti-Bacterial Agents / therapeutic use
  • Antimalarials / therapeutic use
  • Antiviral Agents / therapeutic use
  • Humans
  • Leprosy / complications*
  • Leprosy / diagnosis
  • Leprosy / pathology
  • Leprosy / therapy
  • Malaria / complications*
  • Malaria / diagnosis
  • Malaria / pathology
  • Malaria / therapy
  • Malaria, Cerebral / diagnosis
  • Malaria, Cerebral / pathology
  • Malaria, Cerebral / therapy
  • Nervous System Diseases / diagnosis
  • Nervous System Diseases / etiology*
  • Nervous System Diseases / pathology
  • Nervous System Diseases / therapy
  • Rabies / complications*
  • Rabies / diagnosis
  • Rabies / pathology
  • Rabies / therapy
  • Tetanus / complications*
  • Tetanus / diagnosis
  • Tetanus / pathology
  • Tetanus / therapy

Substances

  • Anti-Bacterial Agents
  • Antimalarials
  • Antiviral Agents