[Biologics and infections in rheumatic diseases]

Ther Umsch. 2014 Jan;71(1):45-53. doi: 10.1024/0040-5930/a000480.
[Article in German]

Abstract

The successful use of a chimeric monoclonal antibody targeting TNF alpha (infliximab) to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) two decades ago, ushered in a new era of therapy with the so-called biopharmaceuticals, commonly referred to as "biologics". Their use rapidly spread to other indications such as Crohns disease, and their commercial success led to rapid extension of the concept using other forms of monoclonal antibodies and receptor recombinant molecules with specificities to other cytokines, growth factors and immune cell subsets. Soon after their introduction into the clinic, the first indications of increased risk of infection appeared in the form of reactivation of tuberculosis, mostly in the first months after treatment and often extrapulmonary. It was later recognised that an overall increased risk of bacterial infection under TNF-alpha blockade exists with a relative increased risk of around 2 - 3, and that classical symptoms of infection may be masked by cytokine blockade. Biologics against other cytokines such as IL-6, co-stimulatory molecules, and anti B cells seem less associated with infection, though this may be in part related to more careful patient monitoring. Increasing experience led to guidelines concerning pre-treatment screening, vaccination and perioperative advice, as well as the use of biologics in the presence of chronic viral infection, e. g. HIV, hepatitis B and C. Biologics have changed the outcome for patients with RA and other autoimmune diseases, but this success should not lead to complacency when assessing potential infectious complications of treatment in individual patients.

Das Zytokin-Netzwerk ist ein feinabgestimmtes System welches schnell und wirksam auf Infektionen zu reagieren vermag. Dieses System ist bei chronisch entzündlichen Erkrankungen dysreguliert. Biologika erlauben einen gezielten und meist gut verträglichen Eingriff in dieses System. Dies kann aber mitunter zu schwerwiegenden Infekten führen. Bezüglich der Häufigkeit der Infekte zeigen uns klinische Zulassungsstudien nur eine Momentaufnahme; viel wichtiger ist die nachhaltige Erfassung der Sicherheit von Biologika in Patientenregistern, wie z. B. dem Swiss Clinical Quality Managment (SCQM). Vor der Behandlung mit einem Biologikum sollten immer eine individuelle Risikostratifikation für eine Infektion, Screening Tests und die notwendigen Impfungen erfolgen. Beim Verdacht auf eine Infektion unter Biologika muss von atypischen klinischen Verläufen ausgegangen werden und dementsprechend Diagnose und Behandlung angepasst werden.

Publication types

  • English Abstract
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Antibodies, Monoclonal / adverse effects*
  • Antibodies, Monoclonal / immunology
  • Antibodies, Monoclonal / therapeutic use*
  • Bacterial Infections / chemically induced*
  • Bacterial Infections / immunology*
  • Bacterial Infections / prevention & control
  • Biological Products / adverse effects
  • Biological Products / immunology
  • Biological Products / therapeutic use
  • Cytokines / immunology*
  • Humans
  • Rheumatic Diseases / drug therapy*
  • Rheumatic Diseases / immunology*
  • Risk Factors

Substances

  • Antibodies, Monoclonal
  • Biological Products
  • Cytokines