The Duality of Fgl2 - Secreted Immune Checkpoint Regulator Versus Membrane-Associated Procoagulant: Therapeutic Potential and Implications

Int Rev Immunol. 2016 Jul 3;35(4):325-339. doi: 10.3109/08830185.2014.956360. Epub 2014 Sep 26.

Abstract

Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (Fgl2), a member of the fibrinogen family, can be expressed as a membrane-associated protein with coagulation activity or in a secreted form possessing unique immune suppressive functions. The biological importance of Fgl2 is evident within viral-induced fibrin depositing inflammatory diseases and malignancies and provides a compelling rationale for Fgl2 expression to not only be considered as a disease biomarker but also as a therapeutic target. This article will provide a comprehensive review of the currently known biological properties of Fgl2 and clarifies future scientific directives.

Keywords: DC maturation; Tregs; fibrin deposit; glioblastoma; immune suppression; inflammatory diseases; liver injury; membrane-bound procoagulant; secreted immune checkpoint regulator.

Publication types

  • Review
  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Biomarkers / metabolism*
  • Blood Coagulation
  • Costimulatory and Inhibitory T-Cell Receptors / metabolism
  • Fibrin / metabolism*
  • Fibrinogen / metabolism*
  • Fibrinogen / therapeutic use
  • Glioblastoma / drug therapy
  • Glioblastoma / immunology*
  • Humans
  • Immunosuppressive Agents
  • Inflammation / drug therapy
  • Inflammation / immunology*
  • Lymphocyte Activation
  • T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / immunology*

Substances

  • Biomarkers
  • Costimulatory and Inhibitory T-Cell Receptors
  • FGL2 protein, human
  • Immunosuppressive Agents
  • Fibrin
  • Fibrinogen